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Compilation translates source code into machine code creating an executable file. Interpretation translates and executes code line by line without an executable.

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enabling method overriding.

Encapsulation bundles data and methods in a class, restricting direct data access. Example: class with private data and public methods.

An abstract class can't be instantiated and can have abstract and concrete methods. An interface only has method signatures without implementations.

OOP principles include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, promoting organized and maintainable code.

A constructor initializes object properties upon class instantiation, ensuring a well-defined state.

Stack memory stores local variables and function calls; heap memory is for dynamic allocation. Stack operates in LIFO, heap managed manually or by garbage collection.

Design patterns are solutions to common design problems. Examples: Singleton, Factory, Observer, MVC.

DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) advocates for avoiding code duplication by reusing existing code.

SOLID represents five design principles for OOP: Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion.